The Big Short Cast: A Deep Dive Into The Stars Of The Financial Drama

The film, known for its remarkable storytelling and insightful portrayal of the financial crisis of 2007-2008, owes much of its success to its stellar cast. Each actor brought a unique flavor and depth to their roles, making the complex subject matter accessible and engaging to audiences worldwide. This article delves into the biographies, careers, and personal lives of the key players in "The Big Short," offering an in-depth look at the actors who transformed this intricate narrative into a compelling cinematic experience. "The Big Short," directed by Adam McKay, is based on Michael Lewis's book of the same name. It chronicles the true story of the financial meltdown, focusing on a group of investors who foresaw the collapse and decided to take on the big banks for their greed and lack of foresight. The movie is both an educational piece and an entertaining drama, largely due to the powerful performances by its cast. By the end of this article, you will have a comprehensive understanding of the actors behind the characters and their contributions to this critically acclaimed film. From seasoned veterans to rising stars, the cast of "The Big Short" is a diverse ensemble of talent. Their performances not only captured the essence of the real-life figures they portrayed but also added layers of humanity and intrigue to the film. As we explore their backgrounds, careers, and personal stories, you'll gain insight into how these actors prepared for their roles, the challenges they faced, and the impact the film had on their careers. Whether you're a fan of the film, a movie enthusiast, or someone interested in the financial world, this article promises to provide a captivating read.

Table of Contents

1. Christian Bale: Biography and Career 2. Steve Carell: Biography and Career 3. Ryan Gosling: Biography and Career 4. Brad Pitt: Biography and Career 5. Marisa Tomei: Biography and Career 6. Margot Robbie: Biography and Career 7. Anthony Bourdain: Biography and Career 8. Selena Gomez: Biography and Career 9. Richard Thaler: Biography and Career 10. Influence of "The Big Short" on the Cast's Careers 11. Preparing for the Roles: Behind the Scenes 12. Critics' Reception and Awards 13. Cultural Impact of "The Big Short" 14. Frequently Asked Questions 15. Conclusion

Christian Bale: Biography and Career

Christian Bale is a Welsh actor known for his versatility and intense preparation for roles. Born on January 30, 1974, in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales, Bale began his acting career at a young age. He gained early recognition for his role in Steven Spielberg's "Empire of the Sun" (1987). Over the years, Bale has built a reputation as one of the most dedicated and transformative actors in Hollywood, often undergoing significant physical transformations for his roles.

In "The Big Short," Bale portrayed Michael Burry, a real-life hedge fund manager who was one of the first to predict the subprime mortgage crisis. Bale's performance was widely praised for its authenticity and depth, capturing Burry's eccentricity and brilliance. His portrayal earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Bale's commitment to the role included learning to play drums and adapting a glass eye to mimic Burry's unique traits.

Beyond "The Big Short," Bale's career is marked by a series of acclaimed performances. He is perhaps best known for his role as Bruce Wayne/Batman in Christopher Nolan's "The Dark Knight" trilogy. His portrayal of the caped crusader was both critically and commercially successful, cementing his status as a leading actor in Hollywood. Bale's other notable films include "American Psycho" (2000), "The Machinist" (2004), and "Ford v Ferrari" (2019).

Bale is also recognized for his dedication to his craft, often undergoing extreme physical transformations. For "The Machinist," he famously lost over 60 pounds, only to bulk up for his role in "Batman Begins" shortly thereafter. His commitment to authenticity and detail has earned him the respect of his peers and audiences alike.

Throughout his career, Bale has received numerous awards, including an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in "The Fighter" (2010). Despite his success, Bale remains a private individual, often shying away from the limelight. He is married to Sibi Blazic, and they have two children together. Bale's ability to immerse himself fully into his roles continues to make him one of the most sought-after actors in the industry.

Steve Carell: Biography and Career

Steve Carell, an American actor, comedian, and producer, has been a prominent figure in the entertainment industry for decades. Born on August 16, 1962, in Concord, Massachusetts, Carell rose to fame as a correspondent on "The Daily Show" before achieving widespread recognition as Michael Scott on the US version of "The Office." His comedic talent and versatility have made him a beloved figure in both television and film.

In "The Big Short," Carell played the role of Mark Baum, a character based on the real-life investor Steve Eisman. Carell's performance was praised for its depth and nuance, showcasing his ability to handle dramatic roles. His portrayal of Baum was both humorous and poignant, capturing the character's moral struggle as he navigated the complexities of the financial crisis.

Outside "The Big Short," Carell's career spans a wide range of genres. He is best known for his role as the bumbling yet endearing Michael Scott on "The Office," which became a cultural phenomenon and earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series - Musical or Comedy. Carell's comedic prowess extends to films such as "The 40-Year-Old Virgin" (2005), "Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy" (2004), and "Despicable Me" (2010), where he voiced the beloved character Gru.

Carell has also proven his mettle as a dramatic actor, receiving critical acclaim for his roles in films like "Foxcatcher" (2014) and "Beautiful Boy" (2018). His performance in "Foxcatcher," where he portrayed the eccentric millionaire John du Pont, earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. This ability to seamlessly transition between comedy and drama has solidified Carell's reputation as one of Hollywood's most versatile actors.

Carell is married to actress Nancy Walls, with whom he shares two children. Despite his fame, he remains grounded and is known for his humility and kindness. His contributions to both television and film continue to entertain and inspire audiences around the world.

Ryan Gosling: Biography and Career

Ryan Gosling is a Canadian actor and musician, celebrated for his performances in a diverse range of films. Born on November 12, 1980, in London, Ontario, Canada, Gosling began his career as a child star on Disney Channel's "The Mickey Mouse Club." He has since evolved into one of the most respected actors of his generation, known for his charm, talent, and dedication to his craft.

In "The Big Short," Gosling played Jared Vennett, a character based on the real-life trader Greg Lippmann. His performance was characterized by wit and charisma, adding a layer of energy and humor to the film. Gosling's portrayal of Vennett was both entertaining and insightful, capturing the opportunistic nature of the character.

Gosling's career is marked by a series of critically acclaimed performances. He gained widespread recognition for his role as Noah Calhoun in the romantic drama "The Notebook" (2004), which remains a beloved classic. His versatility as an actor is evident in films like "Drive" (2011), "Crazy, Stupid, Love" (2011), and "Blade Runner 2049" (2017). Gosling's portrayal of Sebastian Wilder in "La La Land" (2016) earned him a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.

Beyond acting, Gosling is also a talented musician and is part of the band Dead Man's Bones. He is known for his philanthropic efforts, supporting various causes such as PETA and the Enough Project. Gosling is in a relationship with actress Eva Mendes, and they have two daughters together.

Gosling's ability to bring depth and authenticity to his roles has made him a favorite among audiences and critics alike. His dedication to his craft and his passion for storytelling continue to drive his successful career in the entertainment industry.

Brad Pitt: Biography and Career

Brad Pitt is an American actor and producer, widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in Hollywood. Born on December 18, 1963, in Shawnee, Oklahoma, Pitt rose to fame in the early 1990s with roles in films such as "Thelma & Louise" (1991) and "A River Runs Through It" (1992). Over the years, Pitt has established himself as a versatile actor and a successful producer, earning numerous accolades for his work.

In "The Big Short," Pitt played Ben Rickert, a reclusive trader who assists two young investors in betting against the housing market. His performance was understated yet powerful, providing a grounded perspective amidst the chaos of the financial crisis. Pitt's portrayal of Rickert was both compelling and thought-provoking, highlighting the moral dilemmas faced by those who profited from the economic collapse.

Pitt's career is marked by a series of iconic performances. He gained critical acclaim for his roles in films like "Fight Club" (1999), "Se7en" (1995), and "Inglourious Basterds" (2009). His portrayal of Rusty Ryan in the "Ocean's" trilogy showcased his charisma and comedic timing, while his role in "Moneyball" (2011) earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.

In addition to acting, Pitt is a successful producer and co-founder of the production company Plan B Entertainment. Under his leadership, Plan B has produced several acclaimed films, including "12 Years a Slave" (2013), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Pitt's commitment to quality storytelling extends to his philanthropic efforts, supporting causes such as environmental sustainability and humanitarian aid.

Pitt has been involved in high-profile relationships with actresses Jennifer Aniston and Angelina Jolie, with whom he shares six children. Despite his fame, Pitt remains grounded and dedicated to his craft. His contributions to the film industry continue to inspire and entertain audiences worldwide.

Marisa Tomei: Biography and Career

Marisa Tomei is an American actress known for her talent, versatility, and enduring presence in Hollywood. Born on December 4, 1964, in Brooklyn, New York, Tomei began her acting career in theater before transitioning to film and television. Her breakthrough role came in 1992 when she won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "My Cousin Vinny."

In "The Big Short," Tomei played Cynthia Baum, the wife of Steve Carell's character, Mark Baum. While her role was relatively small, Tomei's performance added depth and emotion to the film, highlighting the personal impact of the financial crisis on individuals and families.

Tomei's career is marked by a series of acclaimed performances in both film and television. She has appeared in a diverse range of films, including "The Wrestler" (2008), "Crazy, Stupid, Love" (2011), and "The Lincoln Lawyer" (2011). Her role as Aunt May in the "Spider-Man" franchise introduced her to a new generation of audiences, showcasing her ability to bring warmth and humor to her roles.

Beyond her work in film, Tomei is also an accomplished stage actress. She has appeared in several Broadway productions, earning a Tony Award nomination for her role in "The Realistic Joneses" (2014). Tomei's dedication to her craft and her ability to seamlessly transition between genres have made her a respected figure in the entertainment industry.

Tomei is known for her privacy and has kept her personal life largely out of the public eye. She continues to captivate audiences with her performances, leaving a lasting impact on the world of film and theater.

Margot Robbie: Biography and Career

Margot Robbie is an Australian actress and producer, celebrated for her talent, beauty, and charisma. Born on July 2, 1990, in Dalby, Queensland, Australia, Robbie began her career in Australian television before making a successful transition to Hollywood. Her breakthrough role came in 2013 with Martin Scorsese's "The Wolf of Wall Street," where she starred opposite Leonardo DiCaprio.

In "The Big Short," Robbie made a memorable cameo as herself, explaining complex financial concepts in a humorous and accessible way. Her appearance added a unique flair to the film, breaking the fourth wall and engaging audiences with her charm and wit.

Robbie's career is marked by a series of acclaimed performances. She gained widespread recognition for her role as Naomi Lapaglia in "The Wolf of Wall Street," which showcased her talent and screen presence. Her portrayal of Tonya Harding in "I, Tonya" (2017) earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, further cementing her status as a leading actress in Hollywood.

In addition to acting, Robbie is a successful producer and co-founder of the production company LuckyChap Entertainment. Under her leadership, LuckyChap has produced several acclaimed films, including "I, Tonya" and "Promising Young Woman" (2020). Robbie's commitment to promoting female-driven stories and talent in the industry has made her a trailblazer in Hollywood.

Robbie is married to British filmmaker Tom Ackerley, and the couple resides in Los Angeles. Despite her fame, Robbie remains grounded and dedicated to her craft, continuing to captivate audiences with her performances and contributions to the film industry.

Anthony Bourdain: Biography and Career

Anthony Bourdain was an American chef, author, and television personality, known for his adventurous spirit and love of food. Born on June 25, 1956, in New York City, Bourdain gained fame with his 2000 book "Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly," which provided an unflinching look at the restaurant industry. His candid writing style and charismatic personality made him a beloved figure in the culinary world.

In "The Big Short," Bourdain made a cameo as himself, using his culinary expertise to explain complex financial concepts in a relatable way. His appearance added a unique twist to the film, bridging the gap between the world of finance and everyday life.

Bourdain's career is marked by a series of successful television programs. He hosted "A Cook's Tour" on the Food Network, followed by "Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations" on the Travel Channel, and "Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown" on CNN. His shows took viewers on culinary journeys around the world, exploring diverse cultures and cuisines with a focus on storytelling and authenticity.

Bourdain's passion for food and travel was matched by his commitment to social issues. He used his platform to raise awareness about global poverty, immigration, and the impact of tourism on local communities. His candid and unfiltered approach to storytelling earned him a devoted following and numerous awards, including a Peabody Award for "Parts Unknown."

Bourdain was married twice and had one daughter. He was known for his humility, kindness, and adventurous spirit. His untimely passing in 2018 was a significant loss to the culinary world, but his legacy continues to inspire chefs, travelers, and storytellers around the globe.

Selena Gomez: Biography and Career

Selena Gomez is an American singer, actress, and producer, celebrated for her talent, philanthropy, and influence in the entertainment industry. Born on July 22, 1992, in Grand Prairie, Texas, Gomez began her career as a child star on the Disney Channel, starring in the hit series "Wizards of Waverly Place." She has since transitioned into a successful music career while continuing to act and produce.

In "The Big Short," Gomez made a cameo as herself, explaining complex financial concepts alongside economist Richard Thaler. Her appearance added a fresh and relatable perspective to the film, engaging audiences with her charisma and humor.

Gomez's career is marked by a series of successful projects in both music and acting. She gained widespread recognition for her role as Alex Russo in "Wizards of Waverly Place," which earned her numerous awards and accolades. Her music career has been equally successful, with hit songs like "Come & Get It," "Good for You," and "Lose You to Love Me." Her album "Revival" (2015) received critical acclaim and commercial success, solidifying her status as a leading pop artist.

In addition to her work in entertainment, Gomez is a passionate advocate for mental health awareness and philanthropy. She has used her platform to raise awareness about lupus, a condition she has battled personally, and has supported various charitable organizations, including UNICEF, for which she serves as an ambassador.

Gomez is known for her authenticity, resilience, and dedication to her craft. Her ability to connect with audiences through her music and performances continues to inspire and entertain fans around the world.

Richard Thaler: Biography and Career

Richard Thaler is an American economist and professor, known for his work in behavioral economics. Born on September 12, 1945, in East Orange, New Jersey, Thaler has made significant contributions to the understanding of human behavior in economic decision-making. His research has challenged traditional economic theories by incorporating psychological insights into economic models.

In "The Big Short," Thaler made a cameo as himself, explaining complex financial concepts alongside Selena Gomez. His appearance added credibility and depth to the film, offering audiences a better understanding of the behavioral economic factors that contributed to the financial crisis.

Thaler's career is marked by a series of groundbreaking contributions to the field of economics. He is best known for his work on behavioral finance, which examines how psychological factors influence financial decision-making. His book "Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness," co-authored with Cass Sunstein, has been influential in shaping public policy and understanding human behavior.

In 2017, Thaler was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to behavioral economics. His research has had a profound impact on the field, challenging traditional economic models and offering new insights into human behavior.

Thaler is a professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and continues to be an influential figure in the world of economics. His work has inspired a new generation of economists and policymakers, highlighting the importance of understanding human behavior in economic decision-making.

Influence of "The Big Short" on the Cast's Careers

"The Big Short" had a profound impact on the careers of its cast, showcasing their talent and versatility to a global audience. The film's success not only solidified their status as leading actors in Hollywood but also opened new doors and opportunities for future projects.

Christian Bale's performance as Michael Burry earned him critical acclaim and an Academy Award nomination, further establishing his reputation as a transformative actor. His portrayal of Burry showcased his ability to immerse himself fully into his roles, earning him respect from both audiences and peers.

Steve Carell's role as Mark Baum demonstrated his ability to handle dramatic roles, expanding his range beyond comedy. His performance was praised for its depth and nuance, showcasing his versatility as an actor. The success of "The Big Short" opened new opportunities for Carell in dramatic films, solidifying his status as a respected figure in the industry.

Ryan Gosling's portrayal of Jared Vennett added a layer of energy and humor to the film, showcasing his charisma and talent. His performance was both entertaining and insightful, capturing the opportunistic nature of the character. The film's success further solidified Gosling's status as a leading actor, opening new doors for future projects.

Brad Pitt's role as Ben Rickert provided a grounded perspective amidst the chaos of the financial crisis. His performance was both compelling and thought-provoking, highlighting the moral dilemmas faced by those who profited from the economic collapse. The film's success reinforced Pitt's status as an influential figure in Hollywood, both as an actor and a producer.

"The Big Short" also provided opportunities for its supporting cast, including Marisa Tomei, Margot Robbie, Anthony Bourdain, Selena Gomez, and Richard Thaler. Their contributions added depth and authenticity to the film, showcasing their talent and versatility.

Overall, "The Big Short" had a significant impact on the careers of its cast, showcasing their talent to a global audience and opening new opportunities for future projects. The film's success reinforced their status as leading figures in Hollywood, leaving a lasting impact on the industry.

Preparing for the Roles: Behind the Scenes

The preparation and dedication that went into bringing "The Big Short" to life were monumental. The cast and crew worked tirelessly to ensure that the film accurately portrayed the complexities of the financial crisis while also making it accessible to audiences. Here, we delve into how the actors prepared for their roles and the behind-the-scenes efforts that contributed to the film's success.

Christian Bale, known for his method acting, immersed himself in the role of Michael Burry. To accurately portray Burry's unique traits, Bale learned to play the drums and adapted a glass eye, mimicking Burry's real-life physical characteristics. He also spent time understanding the financial concepts central to the film, ensuring an authentic portrayal of Burry's character.

Steve Carell's preparation for the role of Mark Baum involved extensive research into the real-life investor Steve Eisman, on whom the character is based. Carell met with Eisman and studied his mannerisms and speech patterns to accurately capture his character's essence. This dedication to authenticity was evident in Carell's nuanced performance, which balanced humor and drama.

Ryan Gosling's portrayal of Jared Vennett required him to embody the charisma and wit of a Wall Street trader. To prepare for the role, Gosling studied the real-life trader Greg Lippmann, on whom his character is based. He also worked closely with director Adam McKay to ensure that his performance captured the opportunistic nature of Vennett's character.

Brad Pitt's preparation for the role of Ben Rickert involved understanding the motivations and moral dilemmas faced by those who profited from the financial crisis. Pitt's portrayal of Rickert was both subtle and powerful, grounded in a deep understanding of the character's perspective.

In addition to the cast's preparation, director Adam McKay and the production team worked tirelessly to ensure that the film accurately portrayed the financial crisis. This involved extensive research into the events leading up to the collapse, as well as consultations with financial experts to ensure accuracy and authenticity.

The collaborative efforts of the cast and crew contributed to the film's success, creating a compelling and informative narrative that resonated with audiences worldwide. The dedication and preparation of the actors, combined with the vision of the director, brought "The Big Short" to life, making it a standout film in the genre of financial dramas.

Critics' Reception and Awards

"The Big Short" received widespread critical acclaim upon its release, praised for its engaging storytelling, strong performances, and ability to make complex financial concepts accessible to audiences. The film's unique narrative structure, which included breaking the fourth wall and using celebrity cameos to explain financial jargon, was particularly well-received.

Critics lauded the film for its blend of humor and drama, effectively capturing the absurdity and tragedy of the financial crisis. The screenplay, adapted from Michael Lewis's book, was praised for its sharp dialogue and insightful commentary on the events leading up to the economic collapse.

The performances of the cast were also highly praised, with Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, and Brad Pitt receiving particular acclaim for their roles. Bale's portrayal of Michael Burry earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, further solidifying his reputation as a transformative actor. Carell's performance as Mark Baum was also noted for its depth and nuance, showcasing his versatility as an actor.

The film's direction by Adam McKay was another highlight, with critics praising his ability to balance humor and drama while maintaining the film's educational value. McKay's innovative approach to storytelling, which included breaking the fourth wall and using celebrity cameos, was credited with making the complex subject matter accessible and engaging for audiences.

"The Big Short" received several award nominations, including five Academy Award nominations and a win for Best Adapted Screenplay. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the Producers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures.

Overall, "The Big Short" was a critical and commercial success, praised for its engaging storytelling, strong performances, and innovative approach to a complex subject matter. The film's ability to entertain and educate audiences contributed to its lasting impact and legacy in the genre of financial dramas.

Cultural Impact of "The Big Short"

"The Big Short" had a significant cultural impact, shedding light on the intricacies of the financial crisis and its far-reaching consequences. The film's unique approach to storytelling and its ability to make complex financial concepts accessible to a broad audience contributed to its lasting influence.

One of the film's most significant contributions was its role in raising awareness about the causes and consequences of the financial crisis. By humanizing the events leading up to the collapse, "The Big Short" provided audiences with a deeper understanding of the systemic issues within the financial industry. The film's portrayal of the greed and lack of oversight that led to the crisis resonated with audiences, sparking discussions about accountability and the need for reform.

The film's innovative approach to storytelling, which included breaking the fourth wall and using celebrity cameos to explain financial jargon, was also influential. This technique made the complex subject matter more accessible and engaging, allowing audiences to grasp the intricacies of the financial crisis without feeling overwhelmed. The success of this approach inspired other filmmakers to adopt similar techniques in their storytelling.

"The Big Short" also had an impact on the financial industry, with some professionals crediting the film for influencing their understanding of the crisis. The film's portrayal of the events leading up to the collapse served as a cautionary tale, highlighting the importance of transparency and accountability within the industry.

In addition to its impact on the financial industry, "The Big Short" also influenced popular culture, inspiring a new wave of interest in financial dramas. The film's success paved the way for other films and television shows that explore similar themes, highlighting the enduring appeal of stories that delve into the complexities of the financial world.

Overall, "The Big Short" had a significant cultural impact, shedding light on the intricacies of the financial crisis and its far-reaching consequences. The film's ability to entertain and educate audiences contributed to its lasting influence and legacy in the genre of financial dramas.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is "The Big Short" about?

"The Big Short" is a film that chronicles the events leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It follows a group of investors who predicted the collapse and decided to bet against the housing market, highlighting the greed and lack of oversight within the financial industry.

2. Who directed "The Big Short"?

"The Big Short" was directed by Adam McKay, known for his work in both comedy and drama. McKay's innovative approach to storytelling, including breaking the fourth wall and using celebrity cameos, contributed to the film's success.

3. Who are the main cast members of "The Big Short"?

The main cast of "The Big Short" includes Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, and Brad Pitt. Each actor brought a unique flavor and depth to their roles, contributing to the film's engaging and informative narrative.

4. How did "The Big Short" perform at the box office?

"The Big Short" was both a critical and commercial success, grossing over $133 million worldwide. The film's ability to entertain and educate audiences contributed to its lasting impact and legacy in the genre of financial dramas.

5. Did "The Big Short" win any awards?

Yes, "The Big Short" received several award nominations, including five Academy Award nominations and a win for Best Adapted Screenplay. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the Producers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures.

6. What is the cultural impact of "The Big Short"?

"The Big Short" had a significant cultural impact, raising awareness about the causes and consequences of the financial crisis. The film's unique approach to storytelling and its ability to make complex financial concepts accessible to a broad audience contributed to its lasting influence.

Conclusion

"The Big Short" is a remarkable film that successfully blends entertainment and education, shedding light on the complexities of the financial crisis. Its stellar cast, innovative storytelling, and insightful commentary have left a lasting impact on audiences and the film industry. By humanizing the events leading up to the economic collapse, "The Big Short" provides a deeper understanding of the systemic issues within the financial industry, serving as both a cautionary tale and a call to action for greater accountability and transparency.

The film's success is a testament to the dedication and talent of its cast and crew, who worked tirelessly to bring this complex narrative to life. Through their performances, Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, Brad Pitt, and the supporting cast delivered a compelling and thought-provoking story that continues to resonate with audiences worldwide.

As we reflect on the cultural impact of "The Big Short," it is clear that the film has not only entertained but also educated and inspired viewers, sparking discussions about the need for reform and accountability within the financial industry. Its legacy endures as a powerful reminder of the consequences of unchecked greed and the importance of understanding the intricacies of the financial world.